It really, really depends on the specific
boat.
Most sailboats don't sink because of structual failures, but because of poorly installed or maintained
equipment. Think rusting hose clamps, broken through hulls, corroded
keel bolts, ect. The likely hook of a
hull breach leading to a sinking, while possible in any
boat is a very
remote possibility.
To protect from a hull breach, the only thing that would really help is positive flotation. So in this regard I would think a carbon foam hull would be best, followed
fiberglass, then aluminium, then steel. But specific design elements would be much more important than construction material.
According to BoatUS
insurance claims 80% of boats sink at the
dock, and the most common cause of sinking is underwater fittings accounting for 50% of all at the
dock sinkings, or 40% of all sinkings.
Underway sinkings account then for 20 of sinkings, the biggest problem is taking
water of the gunnels (this
survey included
power boats) at 30% of underway sinkings. But another 30% of underway sinkings were caused by either bad through hulls or
leaks in hoses.
In total about 2% of all sinkings were caused by either the hull separating or hitting debris while underway.
http://www.boatus.com/seaworthy/sinking/default.asp