Without knowing the age of your
boat Chlorinated Rubber paint is a possibility. However, before going to much further why not take a sample to a reputable industrial paint company and get it properly identified.
The could then make recommendations as to the correct procedure to "refresh" your paint.
I would not recommend grinding.
PVA was common as a concrete bonding agent, however I'm not sure as to
current practice. The best method for repairing
ferro cement may vary with each job.
Its a long time since I built my Hartley RORC 32 and I believe much has changed since.