Scientists Find Hidden Dangers to Passing Ships
Using
inflatable boats, a portable
depth sounder with
GPS, and a REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle, a team of scientists and engineers has created the first detailed, comprehensive chart of the ocean floor around
Palmer Station in Antarctica, revealing previously unknown submerged rocks.
The new chart, the first in 50 years, was made by a
research team from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and the University of Southern
Mississippi over five weeks in April and early May as they looked for sites for a new underwater observatory. Their findings revealed a number of previously unmapped submerged rocks, among them a set of sharp rocky pinnacles that are potential navigational hazards. Some rise nearly 100 meters (about 330 feet) to a
depth of six meters (about 20 feet) below the surface and near to the routes generally taken by ships through the area.
The previous nautical chart of the area was produced in the mid 1900's by
single soundings taken at very wide spacing. Although some underwater hazards were marked on the earlier chart, the old chart was found to be incorrect by at least 0.5 nautical miles (just under one mile).
Since Palmer Station was first established as a scientific outpost in 1965, ships have followed a particular
route through the visible rocks. In typical
marine navigation in poorly charted waters, ships new to the area proceed cautiously, making continuous soundings with their bridge fathometer. They then note their routes on
charts and follow the same routes when entering and departing the area.
Palmer Station is at 64 ̊46' S, 64 ̊03' W, on protected Arthur Harbor on the southwestern coast of Anvers Island, about midway down the Antarctica Peninsula. Palmer is one of three U.S.
research stations on the continent and the only station north of the Antarctic Circle. Named for American sealer Nathaniel B. Palmer, who in 1820 was one of the first to see Antarctica, the station was built in 1968 to replace the prefabricated
wood huts of 'Old Palmer' station, established in 1965. In 1990 Palmer Station was designated by the National Science Foundation as a long term ecological research (LTER) site.
Gallager, Asper and their team went to
survey the sea floor around Palmer Station to locate possible sites for the
installation of the first underwater cabled observatory in Antarctica. The Polar
Remote Interactive
Marine Observatory (PRIMO) will be equipped with sensors to
monitor ocean properties during an entire year. It will be installed in the Austral fall of 2006 about two nautical miles to the south of Palmer Station on the ocean bottom at a
depth of approximately 130 meters (425 feet), connected by a fiber-optic and
electrical cable to a newly constructed building at Palmer Station.
Instruments, including
current meters, plankton imaging systems, and an under ice video observation system, will travel up and down through the
water column throughout the day from the observatory’s base to just below the surface, even after the pack ice forms and covers the area. Proximity sensors on the top of the profiling platform will send and receive acoustic signals to prevent it from contacting the ice. The scientists hope to use this first observatory as a proof of
concept and test-bed for a similar observatory to be located in deeper
water.
“ Protection of the cable and underwater platform from grounding icebergs at depths of 100 meters (330 feet) or greater is a major concern, and the primary reason for needing the detailed underwater maps, but finding the rocks was an unexpected bonus of the trip,” said Gallager. “The real challenge now is to design and build a platform that will survive the harsh Antarctic winters in the water and provide us the first ever long-term, high resolution glimpses of what is going on in this region of the Southern Ocean. That will be exciting!”
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