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Old 22-10-2021, 04:36   #436
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Re: This Day in History

Where’s 22nd! Lol
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Old 22-10-2021, 05:01   #437
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Re: This Day in History

Quote:
Originally Posted by PLANET EXPRESS View Post
Where’s 22nd! Lol
I’ve been doing this, off & on, since 2005.
For now, I’m off.

Thanks, for following.

Several others have contributed [thanks], to the thread, and I encourage them, or anyone else, to continue it.
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Old 23-10-2021, 00:59   #438
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Re: This Day in History

23 October

42 BCE At the second Battle of Philippi, the army of Marcus Junius Brutus was defeated by forces led by Marc Antony and Octavian. Brutus, one of the assassins of Julius Caesar, suicided honourably. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus

1911 The Hunan Tongmenghui led by Jiao Dafeng and Chen Zuoxin was victorious in battle against the local forces of the Qing, capturing Changsha city and announcing the Hunan Military Government of the Republic of China. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1911)
** Mao Zedong was a student in middle school in Changsha in 1911. He cut his queue and joined the revolutionary army, but without serving in battle. He returned to studies (albeit not regular middle school/high school) in 1912.

1923 In response to dictatorial moves by Chancellor Streseman and orders from higher levels within the KPD, the Wasserkante of the Hamburg branch of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) launched the Hamburger Aufstand. After successful strikes on several police stations but without domestic or international support, the uprising ended. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Uprising

1947 McCarthyism/House Un-American Activities Committee hearings (continuing). Ronald Reagan testified against the 'Hollywood Ten' members of the Screen Actors Guild 'suspected of more or less following the tactics that we associate with the Communist Party'. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollyw...#Hollywood_Ten

1956 October Revolution, challenging USSR control of Hungary, commenced. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungar...lution_of_1956

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis (continuing). Following a public speech by John F Kennedy announcing his intention to blockade shipping to Cuba, US State Department cabled its foreign posts to explore what became the solution to the crisis: withdraw USA missiles based in Turkey aimed at USSR in return for the withdrawal of USSR missiles from Cuba. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis

1986 Death of Ye Jianying, one of the Ten Marshals who founded the People's Liberation Army, announced publicly. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Jianying

1991 Four agreements signed in Paris by 18 nations marked the official end of the war between Kampuchea and Viet Nam, leading to the United Nations (as the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia) governing an economy for first time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United...ty_in_Cambodia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_P...ace_Agreements
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Old 23-10-2021, 04:18   #439
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Re: This Day in History

Some other notable events, occurring on October 23:

4004 BCE: According to 17th century divine James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh, and Dr. John Lightfoot, of Cambridge, the world was created on this day, a Sunday, at 9 a.m [IDK the time zone].

1956: The International Atomic Energy Agency was created with the purpose of increasing the contribution of atomic energy to world peace.

2001: Apple introduced the iPod, a portable media player that became one of the most successful and revolutionary products of the early 2000s.

2002: About 50 Chechen rebels storm the House of Culture theater, in Moscow, taking up to 800 people hostage during a sold-out performance of a popular musical.

2012: The world's oldest teletext service, BBC's 'Ceefax', ceases operation.
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Old 23-10-2021, 05:31   #440
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Re: This Day in History

Thank you Gord.
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Old 24-10-2021, 01:09   #441
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Re: This Day in History

24 October

1648 Treaty of Osnabruck (Holy Roman Empire & Sweden) and Treaty of Münster (Holy Roman Empire & France) were signed as part of the so-called Peace of Westphalia (Westfälischer Friede) to deliver something approaching peace within the Holy Roman Empire (neither Holy nor Roman) after the horror of the Thirty Years War and the Eight Years War. The Peace of Westphalia came to be seen by many as the source of continuing principles of international relations including the inviolability of the borders of a 'sovereign state' and non-interference in the domestic affairs of a 'sovereign state'. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia

1795 Austria, Prussia, and Russia agreed to dissolve the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, partitioning Poland for the third time and thus removing autonomy from any fragment of Poland. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland

1844 France and Qing Empire signed Huangpu Treaty (aka Treaty of Whampoa) giving extraterritorial rights to French in China and opening 5 ports to France. Regarded in China as an unequal treaty. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa

1860 Britain, France, and Qing Empire signed Convention of Beijing treaties (including a side treaty with Russia) ceding parts of Guangzhou to Britain and parts of the Manzu homeland (aka Manchuria) to Russia including, by oversight, a part of Korea never controlled by China. Regarded in China as an unequal treaty. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Peking

1876 200 Shipuren samurai rebelled against the Meiji government of Nippon to protest Westernisation and the loss of samurai caste privileges. The Imperial Army of Nippon was victorious. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinp%C5%ABren_rebellion

1889 Henry Parkes, premier of the Colony of New South Wales, called for the six British colonies in New Holland/Australia to federate. Parkes's speech was later called the 'Tenterfield Oration'. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenterfield_Oration

1898 Peng Dehuai born to poor peasants in Hunan. Peng became a most successful general of the People's Liberation Army in battles against the Nationalist Party, Imperial Nippon, and against United Nations Forces in Korea. In 1959 he challenged Mao Zedong and was purged from all Party positions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai

1929 New York Stock Exchange crashed in value, so-called 'Black Thursday' when 11% of the NYSE value disappeared at the open of the market. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929

1945 The Charter of the United Nations came into effect. The day has since been commemorated as United Nations Day. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charte...United_Nations

1947 McCarthyism/House Un-American Activities Committee hearings (continuing). Walt Disney named employees he thought were communists.

1956 October Revolution in Hungary (continuing). USSR army entered Budapest with overwhelming coercive force. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungar...lution_of_1956

2003 Song Meiling (aka Soong Mei-ling, Madame Chiang) died in New York City aged 105 (likely on 23 October in NY time). Sister of Song Qingling, Song Ailing, T.V. Song, et al.; spouse of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (aka Jiang Jieshi, Jiang Zhongzheng). Regarded by many as the Dragon Lady of the 20th Century. Played a crucial role in the modern history of China and relations with the US. The Wikipedia page on her in Chinese is more than double the length of that in English and the density of information much more than double. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling
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Old 24-10-2021, 02:30   #442
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Re: This Day in History

More on October 24:

1601: Johannes Kepler succeeds Tycho Brahe, as imperial mathematician, to Emperor Rudolph II.

1836: Earliest American patent for a phosphorus friction match, by Alonzo Dwight Phillips, of Springfield, Massachusetts.

1901: A 63-year-old [she claimed to be 43] schoolteacher, named Annie Edson Taylor, becomes the first person to successfully take the plunge over Niagara Falls, in a barrel. Between 1901 and 1995, 15 people went over the falls; 10 of them survived.

1944: The aircraft carrier USS “Princeton” is sunk, by a single Japanese plane, during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Philippines.

1992: The year that the World Series never happened. The Toronto Blue Jays defeated the Atlanta Braves [4-3], in the 11th inning, of the 6th game, to become the first team, not based in the United States, to win the World Series.
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Old 24-10-2021, 02:43   #443
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Re: This Day in History

Quote:
Originally Posted by Alan Mighty View Post
24 October


1956 October Revolution in Hungary (continuing). USSR army entered Budapest with overwhelming coercive force. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungar...lution_of_1956
Which led to the bust up at the Melbourne Olympics in the pool on 6th December between the Hungarian and USSR teams. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_in_the_Water_match
I'm sure you were going to mention it in the fullness of time.

As a pup the only live Melb Olympic event I witnessed was a water polo match - 20 minute tram ride in one evening - 20 minutes home - few spectators.

Sadly not that one.
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Old 24-10-2021, 23:28   #444
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Re: This Day in History

25 October

285 (or 286) Crispin and Crispinian, proselytisers of Christianity to Gaul, were beheaded at Soissons, France, for so doing. Hence St Crispin's Day in the traditions of the Church of Rome. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_and_Crispinian The names and personal relationship of Crispin and Crispinian remain unexplained.

1415 English army commanded by King Henry 5 defeated a French army of heavily armoured noble knights commanded by Charles d'Alpret on a battlefield of thick mud near the village of Azincourt (Anglicised as Agincourt). Henry 5's army included ignoble yeomen armed with long bows and men-at-arms/knights. The battle has been seen in terms of military technology (long bows vs heavily armoured knights supported by cavalry hampered by mud) and in terms of class/caste differences (a mix of low class yeomen plus knights and other armoured infantry vs knights of chivalry drawn from the feudal nobility). Henry 5 ordered execution of captured French knights of lower noble ranks, leading to accusations of war crime against the rules of chivalry and also denying the captors the right to ransom their prisoners. One consequence of the battle was the practice of amputating the three string fingers of captured English bowmen in subsequent battles. The three finger gesture was revived, likely influenced by movies based on novels targeted at adolescents written by Suzanne Collins, by civilians protesting military government in Thailand and Myanmar in the 21st century. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt

1616 Dirk Hartog (aka Dierick Hartochszch, Theodoric Hartog) of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (United East-India Company of Netherlands) and master of the 700 tonne Eendracht, anchored her off islands off the west coast of Nova Hollandia/New Holland (later Australia) while sailing from Texel, Netherlands, to Batavia, Netherlands East Indies (later Jakarta, Indonesia). Hartog left an inscribed pewter plate on an island; his plate was found by Willem Hesselsz de Vlamingh in 1697. Hesselsz de Vlamingh replaced Hartog's plate with his own and took Hartog's plate; it's now exhibited in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Hartog charted the western coast of New Holland north of Dirk Hartog Island; he dubbed the coastline he charted Eendrachtsland (Land of Concord). No record exists of Hartog contacting First Nations peoples, unlike the many Makassan (and perhaps Chinese) traders who had a long record of contact. Nevertheless, Belanda (derived from Hollander) remains the term used for white 'pfellas among First Nations peoples in northern Australia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Hartog https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eendracht_(1615) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makass...with_Australia

1854 Russian artillery and infantry commanded by Pavel Petrovich Liprandi dealt losses of 40% (16% dead, 24% disabled some of whom subsequently died) to a British army of 668 commanded by Major-General James Thomas Burdenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, who seemed to have committed gross command, control, and communication errors that resulted in light cavalry making an unsupported frontal assault on the well-defended Russian artillery emplacement. The battle took place near the port of Balaklava, which was used by the British and French to supply their forces during the Crimean War. The British political elite disguised their appalling military loss and command-control-communication blunder with propaganda, including from the poet laureate, suggesting that the outcome somehow demonstrated bravery and not the extraordinary incompetence of Cardigan and/or his superior (Lord Lucan). The special CF link is that Cardigan returned unharmed and alone from the charge (first in, first out), rode away from the battlefield, and boarded his luxurious cutter-rigged full-keel 72 ft yacht Dryad moored in Balaklava harbour to enjoy a 'champagne dinner' and retired to sleep aboard her - that ain't workin', that's the way you do it, money for nothin' get yer chicks for free. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge..._Light_Brigade https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Liprandi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_...rl_of_Cardigan James Thomas Brudenell, seventh Earl of Cardigan 1797-1868
half-hull of Dryad: https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/ob...c-object-66160 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George..._Earl_of_Lucan

1881 Pablo Ruiz Picasso born in Malaga, Spain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso

1941 Helen Reddy born in Melbourne, Australia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Reddy

1945 US military vessels delivered Republic of China troops and government officials to the Pescadores (Penghu) and Taiwan to establish ROC military government over them and replace the colonial-military government of Imperial Nippon. (One informant reported that GIs had to use considerable persuasion to get the ROC troops to leave the landing craft) The Declaration issued at the 1943 Cairo Conference read 'all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China'. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration The Qing Empire had ceded to Japan in perpetuity full sovereignty of the Pescadores group, Formosa (Taiwan) and the eastern portion of the bay of Liaodong Peninsula (Dalian) in 1895 as part of the settlement (the Treaty of Shimonoseki) of the first Sino-Nipponese War. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki The Republic of China, formed in 1912, had never governed Taiwan or the Pescadores (Penghu) before 1945. So 'restoration' was an inappropriate term. Nippon had seized the Pescadores in 1894 in the First Sino-Nipponese War to give them naval control of the Taiwan Straits. The Qing Empire had at most controlled only the western lowlands of Taiwan Island until 1895; the mountainous spine and the east coast was largely controlled by Austronesians until conquered by the Imperial Army of Nippon around 1904. 'Retrocession,' the word preferred by the Republic of China, was therefore also an inappropriate term. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocession_Day The ROC military government's control of Taiwan frayed in 1946-47, with popular tension exploding on 27-28 February 1947 in the so-called 2-28 Incident when Taiwanese and Nipponese-Taiwanese political elites briefly took control of much of Taiwan> Subsequent ROC military action disappeared 3,000 - 4,000 of the Taiwanese and Nipponese-Taiwan intellectual and political elite. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_28_incident As the civil war in China moved not necessarily in his favour and the need to retreat to Taiwan loomed, Jiang Jieshi (aka Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek, Jiang Zhongzheng) dealt with the local political problem created by the ROC military government on Taiwan and his apparent defection to the Communist Party of China by ordering garrison commander Chen Yi executed (one informant reported that the execution of Chen was performed in the presence of Jiang). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yi_(Kuomintang)

1956 October Revolution in Hungary (continuing). The army of Hungary fractured into pro-Hungary and pro-USSR groups. In Budapest, Red on Red assaults between Hungarian state protection authority secret police and USSR troops took place, delivering weapons into the hands of Budapest civilians. Criticism of the USSR military intervention as the first case of a member state of the Warsaw Pact (Treaty of Friendship, Peace, and Mutual Assistance) against another member of that defence pact, breaching the principles of the Peace of Westphalia of inviolable borders and non-interference in 'sovereign' nations (for which see 1648 at 24 October) arose as did criticism of Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov -- victor of actions against Nippon (Nomonohan, 1939); Nazi Germany (Leningrad, Stalingrad, Kursk, Berlin); and Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (1953) -- for blotting his record by his reluctant participation in the intervention in Hungary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungar...lution_of_1956

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis (continuing). US Ambassador to the UN Adlai Stevenson 2 asked USSR representative Valerian Alexandrovich Zorin if the USSR were installing missiles in Cuba and said he (Stevenson 2) was 'prepared to wait for my answer until Hell freezes over'. Stevenson then flourished aerial photos showing USSR missiles on Cuba. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_Zorin

1971 United Nations General Assembly adopted by majority vote (76 v 35) Resolution 2758 expelling the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek (aka Jiang Jieshi, Jiang Zhongzheng) from the UN and recognising the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations. In 2007, then Secretary-General of the UN, Ban Ki-moon, referred to Resolution 2758 when rejecting a bid by the Republic of China to join the UN as 'Taiwan'. The situation of Taiwan (and associated territories) remains untidy. The constitution of the Republic of China was written to claim sovereignty over all of China. By its own rules, that constitution cannot be changed by the electorate on Taiwan (and its associated territories including Penghu). The Austronesian, Taiwanese, and Nipponese-Taiwanese political elite on Taiwan have attempted to 'Taiwanise' the Republic of China, opposed in large part by the descendants of the mainlander Chinese political elite who fled mainland China in 1945-49 with Jiang Jieshi. Attempts to democratise Taiwan bore fruit starting in the late 1980s. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United...esolution_2758
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Old 25-10-2021, 03:22   #445
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Re: This Day in History

Also on October 25:

1955: The first domestic microwave ovens [Tappan Model ‘RL-1'] went on sale. Developed by Tappan, in conjunction with Raytheon, the ‘RL-1' was the first microwave oven, designed for home use. With a retail price of $1,295, only 34 units were manufactured in 1955, the first year of production. The company sold a total of 1,396 units before production ended in 1964.
https://americanhistory.si.edu/colle...t/nmah_1088040
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Old 25-10-2021, 20:30   #446
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Re: This Day in History

26 October

899 Alfred the Great, king of the Anglo-Saxons, died aged about 50 likely due to a painful intestinal condition. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great

1597 In the narrow (300 metres wide) strait between the island of Jindo and the southwestern tip of the Korean peninsula, Admiral Yi Sun-sin of the Joseon navy (equipped with 13 panokseon warships) defeated the attempt of Toyotomi Hideoshi (the final unifying leader of the late Sengkou or Warring States era of Nippon, immediately prior to the Tokugawa era) to invade the Joseon kingdom as a stepping stone to Nippon invading the Ming Empire. Admiral Yi's brilliant tactics of enticing the Toyotomi navy into the narrow strait and then using the tidal current in the Myeongnyan Strait against the Nipponese were the keys to success. Half of the Nipponese sailors were wounded or killed; 30 of the 330 Nipponese warships were lost. Yi's losses were tiny in comparison (but all losses are regrettable - if only people would learn that war is the enemy and not the solution). Following the battle, the Ming Empire stationed additional warships nearby ready to come to assist the outnumbered Joseon navy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panokseon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Myeongnyang

1774 First Continental Congress, attended by 12 of the 13 British colonies that would eventually revolt against Britain, adjourned their discussions held in Philadelphia seeking a joint resolution of issues with Britain.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress

1788 Commanding Lt. William Bligh, commander of HM Armed Vessel Bounty, anchored her at Tahiti ten months after sailing from Spithead. The crew of the Bounty had faced multiple failed attempts to round Cape Horn before giving up and running east under Cape of Good Hope, through the Indian O to Van Dieman's Land (aka Tasmania) and into the Pacific to Tahiti. HMAV Bounty spent 5 months in Tahiti, with the crew gathering more than one thousand breadfruit plants (root cuttings struck in pots) with the aim of establishing breadfruit plantations in the West Indies to provide inexpensive carbohydrate food for enslaved workers on sugar plantations. In those 5 months, many of the crew, including Acting Lt. Fletcher Christian, dallied extensively with Tahitians (to the point that Christian ceremonially married one). You know what happened 14 days after Bounty departed from the Society Islands bound for the West Indies, right?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bounty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bligh

1813 At Chateauguay, Lt. Colonel Charles de Salaberry with 1,530 troops halted the advance of a 2,600 strong US army group seeking to attack Montreal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay

1861 The Pony Express, a USA horse-relay mail service between Missouri and California, was bankrupted after 18 months of operation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Express

1863 The first meeting of the Football Association, in London, started the process of formulating rules for Association Football aka soccer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histor...ation_football
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fo...iation#History

1881 Doc Holiday and the Earp brothers participated in the so-called 'Gunfight at the O.K. Corral' in Tombstone, Arizona, against five outlaw cowboys. The gunfight took all of 30 seconds and likely was a few doors down Fremont Street from the Corral. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfig...he_O.K._Corral

1937 Second Sino-Nipponese War (continuing). On orders from Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (aka Jiang Jieshi), General Xie Jinyuan led 414 men of the 1st Battalion of the 524th Regiment of the China National Revolutionary Army to occupy the Sihang Warehouse in Shanghai and resist the 3rd Division of the Imperial Army of Nippon as it occupied Shanghai City. Sihang Warehouse was on the opposite bank of the Suzhou Creek from the International Settlement of Shanghai (neutral territory occupied by Chinese and non-Chinese civilians and a small force of UK troops and various mercenaries). The battle became a public relations and media event (the so-called 'Eight Hundred Heroes', because in Chinese culture 8 is a propitious number and 4 is not). Edgar Snow wrote 'it was as though a Gettysburg were fought in Harlem, while the rest of Manhattan remained a non-belligerent observer'. It didn't end well, although Xie's men killed about 200 Nipponese troops and gained massive publicity and sympathy. https://www.warhistoryonline.com/gue...warehouse.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Jinyuan

1944 The terrestrial battle between USA forces (6th Army, supported by 7th Fleet USN and 5th Air Force) against the Imperial Army of Nippon on Leyte, Philippines, more or less came to an end (if any battle comes to an end). The battle was strategically decisive, both for Nipponese occupation of the Philippines and for further constraining the supply of resources to the home islands of Nippon and denying options open to the Nipponese military. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte

1951 Winston Churchill started his second term (1951-55) as prime minister of the UK. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_...ll#Premiership
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill

1976 Speaking to the Party's Central Propaganda Bureau approximately 6 weeks after the death of Mao Zedong, Hua Guofeng first presented ideas that inspired the Central Propaganda Bureau to air in February 1977 in key Party publications (People's Daily, Red Flag, and PLA Daily) the somewhat lame 'two whatevers' formula (uphold whatever policies Mao supported, uphold whatever instructions Mao gave) as an attempt to legitimate his succession to the leadership. On 26 October 1976, Hua said (1) criticise the 'Gang of Four' and criticise Deng Xiaoping; (2) the 'Gang of Four' were extreme Rightists; (3) whatever Chairman Mao said cannot be criticised; and (4) the 'Tian'anmen Incident' (5 April 1976) ought not be mentioned. Hua's speech motivated Deng Xiaoping to build a coalition, broaden his support, and move to replace Hua and take control of political-economic policy-making in China. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Whatevers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Guofeng
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Incident

1977 The last naturally occurring case of indigenous smallpox was diagnosed, in Somalia. Two years later, the World Health Organisation declared smallpox eradicated. In 1980, the World Health Assembly endorsed the declaration. The World Health Organisation and its chief contributors (the chief contributor then was the USA) estimated that eradication of smallpox (started by the WHO in 1958) cost US$300 million and that that value was recouped every 26 days thereafter by virtue of removing the need to treat cases of smallpox and to immunise people against smallpox. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine

1979 Kim Jae-gyu, head of the Korea Central Intelligence Agency, assassinated Park Chung-hee the President of the Republic Of Korea, while at dinner with him in a safe house in the compound of the presidential Blue House in Seoul. Kim's motive remains unclear; he was regarded as a friend of Park, who had become president after first assuming power as a military dictator.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assass...Park_Chung-hee
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Chung-hee

1983 USA invasion of Grenada (continuing). Second day. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United...ion_of_Grenada
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Old 26-10-2021, 03:53   #447
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Re: This Day in History

More events from October 26:

1825: The Erie Canal opens, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean, from Buffalo to New York City, via the Hudson River, at Albany.

1850: Robert McClure sights the fabled Northwest Passage, for the first time, (from Banks Island towards Melville Island).

1859: The steam clipper “Royal Charter” is wrecked, on the coast of Anglesey, north Wales, with 459 dead.

1966: US aircraft carrier “Oriskany” catches fire, in Gulf of Tonkin, 43 sailors die, 38 injured, 3 aircraft destroyed, and 3 aircraft damaged.
https://www.warhistoryonline.com/ins...ires-1960.html
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Old 26-10-2021, 21:11   #448
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Re: This Day in History

27 October

628 BCE Duke Wen of Jin, alao known as Double Ears, one of the Five Hegemons of the Spring(s) and Autumn(s) Period of Chinese history, died.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin
Jin Wengong ??? Duke Wen of Jin (www.chinaknowledge.de)
https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/709939
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Hegemons

312 Constantine, Emperor of Rome, claimed to see a cross in the sky while preparing to do battle against his rival, Emperor of Rome Maxentius. His victory at the battle, or his vision, or both, may have prompted Constantine to become the first Emperor of Rome to convert to Christianity. Or perhaps cause and effect are muddled. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle...of_Constantine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxentius

939 Æthelstan, the first king of all English, died. He united and centralised rule over most of England and played a part in European politics. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan

1335 Yi Seong-gye born. Yi served as a general of the Goryeo army as the Goryeo pushed remnants of the collapsing Yuan Empire from the Korean peninsula to establish autonomy and to expand west to reclaim territory held by the earlier Gogoryeo Kingdom (that territory was more-or-less controlled by the Ming Empire which was similarly establishing itself from the ruins of the Yuan Empire and establishing control over territory). At the same time Goryeo was battling sea pirates from Nippon. Yi diverted from his mission to recover the old Gogoryeo lands in the west from the Ming, turned his army around at Wihwa island in the Yalu River, eliminated his only rival general, and then worked to become Taejo, the first King of the Joseon Kingdom in 1392. Taejo established international relations with the Ming, the Ashikaga shogunate in Nippon, and the Ryukyu kingdom. Handling his sons was a different story. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wihwado_Retreat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon

1505 Ivan 3, Ivan the Great of Russia, died of illness. Occasionally referred to himself as 'czar' (caesar/kaiser). Through his marriage to Sofia Paleologue he introduced the idea of Moscow as New Rome and the use of the double-headed eagle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia

1605 Akbar the Great, third of the Muhgal Emperors, died of dysentry after tripling the wealth and size of the Muhgal Empire. https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/akbar.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar

1682 Philadelpia founded. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia

1775 George 3 of England expanded on his earlier proclamation for suppressing rebellion and sedition among the 13 colonies on the eastern seaboard of north America. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion

1878 Theodore Roosevelt born. Became 27th President of the USA after the death of William McKinley after assassination (TR was fishing in the Adirondacks with a friend when he learned of his elevation to the presidency - the stuffed remains of the fish TR had caught that day is still on display). TR survived an assassination attempt perhaps because he was carrying the 50 page text of his next speech in his coat pocket (let that be a lesson to you). By happenstance, TR inspired more joy among people from more teddy bears than you can count on a sunny day. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt The most historically distant POTUS for whom we have good audio: https://archive.lib.msu.edu/VVL/dbnumbers/DB512.mp3

1904 First line of the New York subway commenced operation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway

1915 Billy Hughes became the 7th prime minister of Australia after Andrew Fisher stepped down due to ill health. Hughes almost defies categorisation and was perhaps the most influential Australian prime minister of the 20th century. Dinkum. Hughes migrated from Wales to the colony of Queensland in 1884 and started by lying about his year of birth. He had more party affiliations than the average bear, attracted a mass popular following from white male Australians, represented Australia at the Paris Peace Conference - where he had legendary disagreements with Woodrow Wilson and squashed Nippon's attempt to be treated with racial equality while warning that Nippon had ambitions to expand territorially - championed white supremacy in Australia (White Australia) but years later argued in favour of an Anglo-Nippon alliance, and he gave up his electorate in Victoria to move to an electorate located at the geographical centre of power in Australia: Sydney's North Shore. If you understand him, you'll easily score a PhD (but no one is interested anymore). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Hughes

1927 Red Army of China formed its first significant rural base in the Jinggang Mountains. The Party's Central Committee, operating in secret in Shanghai City, focused on uprisings of the urban proletariat and expelled Mao Zedong (who after all was a rural bumpkin to the urban intellectuals). Mao organised a base for revolution, starting in a poor and neglected mountainous area where people (including quite a few Hakka) barely scraped a living on the fringe of society. Mao brought them ideas, organisation, and more, creating the basis of an alternative regime to govern China from people dismissed by his enemies as 'bandits'. Multiple Encirclement Campaigns by the Nationalist Army, using military tactics refined by Britain against the Boer in South Africa, eventually evicted the Red Army from Jinggangshan and resulted in the Long March that more-or-less ended in Yan'an (or, a few decades later, in Beijing at the Tian'anmen with the declaration by Mao of founding of the People's Republic). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinggang_Mountains

1930 Uprising of Astronesian people in the Nipponese colony of Taiwan left about 2,000 Astronesians and 134 soldiers of Imperial Nippon dead (that's the toll from Chinese sources, not the toll recorded in Wikipedia). About the last of the significant acts of rebellion by Austronesians on Taiwan against their Nipponese military colonisers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musha_Incident

1937 Mongolia Autonomous Federation formed. A puppet state of Nippon, following the earlier (March 1934) model of Manchukoku aka Manchukuo, as a part of the cunning Nipponese plan to build a Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greate...sperity_Sphere

1947 India-Pakistan War, aka Kashmir War, started (meaning hostilities escalated and could no longer be ignored). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-P...7%E2%80%931948

1950 Ren Bishi died after sufffering a cerebro-vascular stroke, perhaps the 5th most political powerful person in China (after Chairman Mao, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De) at the time. Very pleasant person (compared to some of the others). Check your blood pressure regularly. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Bishi

1995 Roh Tae-woo, formerly the first directly elected president of the Republic of Korea, admitted to charges of bribery, treason, and mutiny for his involvement in a 1979 coup and the 1980 Gwangju Massacre. A court sentenced Roh to 17 years imprisonment; President Kim Young-sam pardoned Roh. Roh died yesterday, 26 October 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo

1997 McCarthyism/HUAC (continued). Screen Actors Guild commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Hollywood Blacklist.
https://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archiv..._blacklist.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist

2019 Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi died by suicide, taking a couple of children with him. Even saying that is too much for me.
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Old 27-10-2021, 02:46   #449
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Re: This Day in History

October 27, 1962: 'Black Saturday'
The day that Vasili Arkhipov saved the world.

During the 'Cuban Missile Crisis', Russian naval officer, Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov, refused to fire a nuclear torpedo, at an American aircraft carrier, thus averting the probability of a third world war, and thermo-nuclear destruction across the planet.

On 27 October, 1962, US Navy warships located the Soviet submarine “B-59", near Cuba. They dropped non-lethal explosives [grenade sized depth charges], to force the submarine to come to the surface for identification, not knowing that it was armed with a ten kilotonne nuclear-tipped torpedo, with roughly the power of the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima.

The sub’s crew, who had been traveling for nearly four weeks, were very tired and unaware of what was going on around them. There had been little communication with Moscow.

The captain, Valentin Savitsky, believed that nuclear war had already broken out between the Soviet Union and the US and he ordered the B-59's ten kiloton nuclear torpedo to be prepared for firing. Its target was the USS Randolf, the giant aircraft carrier leading the task force.

An attack could not be launched, however, unless all three senior officers aboard the sub agreed. Arkhipov, the second-in-command, stood up to be counted and did not agree, and he swallowed his key, so that the only way that missile would be launched, would be over his dead body.

An account by intelligence officer Vadim Orlov suggests Arkhipov told the captain that the ship was not in danger. It was being asked to surface. Dropping depth charges left then right, noisy but always off target — those are signals, Arkhipov argued. They say, We know you’re there. Identify yourselves. Come up and talk.

Arkhipov vehemently argued that since no orders had come in a long time, such a drastic action as firing the nuclear torpedo was ill-advised and the sub should surface to contact Moscow.

It did so, and was met by a US destroyer. The Americans didn’t board. There were no inspections. Instead, the Russians turned away from Cuba, and headed north, back to Russia.

Arkhipov continued serving in the Soviet Navy. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1975 and retired in the mid-1980s.
He died in 1999, at the age of 73, from complications, due to radiation poisoning, he had suffered on the “K-19" submarine in 1961*.

More [long & dry] https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/d...rinesinCMC.pdf

And [more readable] https://historyofyesterday.com/the-s...n-3131a622d45f

And ➥ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Arkhipov

* K-19 Nuclear Submarine 1961 Incident
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/lowet2/
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Old 27-10-2021, 21:43   #450
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Re: This Day in History

28 October

306 Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius acclaimed as Emperor of Rome. See below.

312 Roman Emperor Maxentius died (see 312 at 27 October). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxentius

1372 Death of Shi Nai'an, generally regarded as the chief or sole author of Shuihu zhuan, one of the earliest novels written in colloquial Chinese (as opposed to classical Chinese) and one of the four great novels commonly read by Chinese around the world. Parts of the novel, such as the preface, may have been added by a later hand. The title has been translated into English variously as Water margin, Outlaws of the marsh, or even the abstract All men are brothers. Shi's vital dates (including birth on 4 April 1296) are based on an inscription on a tomb marker unearthed in 1962 that suggested that Shi's fans would visit the tomb to sweep the tomb and pay their respects on the 1st day of the 3rd lunar month and the 2nd day of the 10th lunar month of each year; calculations suggest that Gregorian date 28 October 1372 would correspond to 2nd day of the 10th month of that year (the Gregorian calendar is a newcomer, only introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory and adopted by different economies at diffent times, e.g. Prussia in 1610, Britian in 1752, Russia in 1918). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Nai%27an https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Margin

1420 After two decades of town planning and construction that converted the site of the Yuan Empire capital of Dadu into Beijing (northern capital), the Yongle emperor of Ming made Beijing his primary capital and site of rule. Dadu/Beiping/Beijing is strategically located at the northern end of the North China Plain. Part of the old street plan of Yuan dynasty Dadu is still visible just north of the 2nd ring road. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty

1448 Christian of Oldenburg became King of Denmark. He later added the titles of King of Norway and King of Sweden to get the Kalmar Union trifecta. Shows the impermanence of international institutions based on the person of rulers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_Union

1492 Christopher Colombus and crew reached Cuba on 27 October 1492, making landfall near present-day Bariay, Holquin province. On 28 October he sent Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torre (fluent in Spanish, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic) ashore to look for the Emperor of China. They found a Taino village and saw people smoking tobacco. (aside: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/...-no-cigar-mean)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holgu%C3%ADn_Province https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno https://caneycircle.wordpress.com/sacredtobacco/ https://tobacconistuniversityblog.bl...f-tobacco.html

1520 Magellan entered the Pacific Ocean.

From Pigafetta's journal (Book 2, Milan edition; trans. Lord Stanley of Alderley. Source: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_F...lan%27s_Voyage)

See the map (SOUTH UP) at: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%...World.djvu/144)

Wednesday, the twenty-eighth of November, 1520, we came forth out of the said strait, and entered into the Pacific sea, where we remained three months and twenty days without taking in provisions or other refreshments, and we only ate old biscuit reduced to powder, and full of grubs, and stinking from the dirt which the rats had made on it when eating the good biscuit, and we drank water that was yellow and stinking. We also ate the ox hides which were under the main-yard, so that the yard should not break the rigging: they were very hard on account of the sun, rain, and wind, and we left them for four or five days in the sea, and then we put them a little on the embers, and so ate them; also the sawdust of wood, and rats which cost half-a-crown each, moreover enough of them were not to be got. Besides the above-named evils, this misfortune which I will mention was the worst, it was that the upper and lower gums of most of our men grew so much that they could not eat, and in this way so many suffered, that nineteen died, and the other giant, and an Indian from the county of Verzin. Besides those who died, twenty-five or thirty fell ill of diverse sicknesses, both in the arms and legs, and other places, in such manner that very few remained healthy. However, thanks be to the Lord, I had no sickness. During those three months and twenty days we went in an open sea, while we ran fully four thousand leagues in the Pacific sea. This was well named Pacific, for during this same time we met with no storm, and saw no land except two small uninhabited islands, in which we found only birds and trees. We named them the Unfortunate Islands; they are two hundred leagues apart from one another, and there is no place to anchor, as there is no bottom. There we saw many sharks, which are a kind of large fish which they call Tiburoni. The first isle is in fifteen degrees of austral latitude, and the other island is in nine degrees. With the said wind we ran each day fifty or sixty leagues, or more; now with the wind astern, sometimes on a wind or otherwise. And if our Lord and his Mother had not aided us in giving us good weather to refresh ourselves with provisions and other things, we should all have died of hunger in this very vast sea, and I think that never man will undertake to perform such a voyage.

When we had gone out of this strait, if we had always navigated to the west we should have gone without finding any land except the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Virgins, which is the eastern head of the strait in the ocean sea, with the Cape of Desire at the west in the Pacific sea. These two capes are exactly in fifty-two degrees of latitude of the antarctic pole.

The antarctic pole is not so covered with stars as the arctic, for there are to be seen there many small stars congregated together, which are like to two clouds a little separated from one another, and a little dimmed, in the midst of which are two stars, not very large, nor very brilliant, and they move but little: these two stars are the antarctic pole. Our compass needle still pointed a little to its arctic pole; nevertheless it had not as much power as on its own side and region. Yet when we were in the open sea, the captain-general asked of all the pilots, whilst still going under sail, in what direction they were navigating and pointing the charts. They all replied, by the course he had given, punctually [pricked in]; then he answered, that they were pointing falsely (which was so), and that it was fitting to arrange the needle of navigation, because it did not receive so much force as in its own quarter. When we were in the middle of this open sea we saw a cross of five stars, very bright, straight, in the west, and they are straight one with another.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Virgenes

1568 Ashikaga Yoshihide, the 14th and penultimate shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate, died after holding power for a few months. The Ashikaga shogunate was in what seemed to be irreversible terminal decline. Amongst other forces was that of Oda Nobunaga pursuing his vision of removing the tax barriers dividing fiefdom from fiefdom to create a unified political economy (under his rule, natch!) backed up with 'modern' military tactics and sheer bloody-mindedness when he thought it appropriate. After Ashikaga shogunate came the Sengoku, the Warring States, named in imitation of the earlier historical period in China. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshihide https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga

1636 The Massachusetts Bay Colony decided to build a theological college, the forerunner of Harvard U. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University

1720 Jonathan Swift published a sophisticated socio-political satire that has often been misunderstood as a simple fairy tale for kiddies. Each part records a supposed voyage. The first voyage takes Gulliver, the lead character, to the lands of Lilliput and Blefuscu vaguely indicated in Swift's text and the originally accompanying map as somewhere between Sumatera (the Martime Continent/Indonesia) and Van Dieman's Land (Tasmania). Others have suggested that Lilliput was Ireland and Belfuscu was France. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilliput_and_Blefuscu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift

1834 James Stirling led a group of white 'pfella soldiers, police, and settlers to massacre the Binjareb people of the Noongar Nation. Always was, always will be aboriginal land. I acknowledge the traditional owners of the lands on which you and I are on today (wherever and whenever you might be) as you read these words that I write from the land of the Cumbooquepa mob of the Turrbal people of the Turrbal-Yagera Nation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjarra_massacre

1836 Tokugawa Yoshinbu, who became the 15th and final shogun of the Tokugawa bakufu in Nippon, born. The later years of the Tokugawa 1853-67 were marked by chaos: tensions caused by the end of isolation and consequent rapid Westernisation, complicated by historical tensions from clans (e.g. the Shimazu clan from Satsuma province and the Mori family whom the Tokugawa relocated to Choshu domain) that had been losers in the transition from the Warring States era to the Tokugawa bakufu. Yoshinbu's rule as shogun came to an end on 9 November 1867 when he 'put his perogatives at the disposal of the Emperor' before formally resigning. He served as a peer in the upper house of the Diet in the early 20th century. Yoshinbu witnessed the extension of Tokugawa control to all of the home islands of Nippon including Hokkaido, the Boshin War, and then constitutional parliament under the Meiji oligarchs (including those from Satsuma and Choshu). Wars, such as the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, create temporary losers who seek redress. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshin_War https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara

1893 Tchaikosky's Symphony No. 6, the Passionate or Pathetique, performed publicly for the first time. Second movement in 5/4 time. Pytor Ilyich died 9 days later - whether by cholera or suicide (or both) remains unclear. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympho...6_(Tchaikovsky) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky

1922 Benito Mussolini led the march on Rome, a show of fascist force that resulted in the king appointing BM to be PM on the following day. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Rome

1928 Independent Czechoslovakia proclaimed, following the end of the Great War, as one of the successors of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_...lovak_Republic

1886 President Grover Cleveland presided over the dedication of the Statue of Liberty. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

1956 October Revolution, Hungary (continuing). A ceasefire between USSR troops and revolutionaries came into partial effect, with an announcement by Imre Nagy broadcast on radio. USSR troops were withdrawn from parts of Budapest city. A week of relative calm started. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungar...lution_of_1956
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Nagy

2013 Suicide vehicle attack carried out in Tian'anmen Square, apparently as a terrorist act by the East Turkestan Islamic Movement based in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_T..._Square_attack https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict

2021 23rd day of the 9th lunar month of the Year of the Bovine. The 2nd day of the 10th lunar month of this Year of the Bovine will fall on Gregorian day 6 November (depending on your lat and long, right? Since the Ming Empire moved its primary capital to Beijing, the lunar year of China has been defined on the lat and long of Beijing. In Joseon, during the reign of Sejong the Great, I recall that Joseon astronomers decided that the differences were such that they - with Sejong's approval - redefined the lunar year (and the accompanying astronomical predictions) to suit the city on the Han River (aka Seoul) causing a bout of apoplexy in Beijing).
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