This Day in History

[Tayana42]

Gord, I do read and enjoy this thread. It is good to be reminded that humanity has lived through “interesting times” before and survived. Maybe we will this time too.

[GordMay]

September 15

1254: Marco Polo is born.

1616: First non-aristocratic, free public school, in Europe, is opened in Frascati, Italy.

1821: Act of Independence of Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras & Nicaragua declare their independence from the Spanish Empire.

1835: HMS “Beagle”, with Charles Darwin on board, reaches the Galapagos Islands.

1858: The Butterfield Overland Mail Company begins delivering mail, from St. Louis to San Francisco. The company's motto is: "Remember, boys, nothing on God's earth must stop the United States mail!"

1885: Jumbo the Giant African Circus Elephant is killed, when he is hit by an oncoming train, while being loaded into a boxcar, in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada.

1857: American politician, William Howard Taft born. He was 27th U.S. President (1909-13), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1921-30), and U.S. Secretary of War (1904-08). He was the first U.S. president to throw out the opening ball of baseball season (1910), starting a long-held tradtion. He is the only person to serve as, both, a U.S. President, and a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

1916: During the Battle of the Somme, the British launch a major offensive against the Germans, employing tanks, for the first time in history.

1928: Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers, by accident [while studying influenza], that the mold penicillin has an antibiotic effect.

1935: The Nürnberg Laws, among the first pieces of racist Nazi legislation, that would culminate in the Holocaust, were passed in Germany; designed by Adolf Hitler, they deprived Jews of German citizenship, and forbade marriage or sexual relations between Jews and “citizens of German or kindred blood.” The German Reich adopts the swastika as the national flag.

1947: RCA releases the ‘12AX7' miniature dual triode vacuum tube; it is still in production.

1961: Hurricane ‘Carla’ comes ashore in Texas, the second-most powerful ever to make landfall in that state.

1962: Australia's 1st entry in America's Cup yacht race (US wins).

1963: Members of the Ku Klux Klan bombed the African American 16th Street Baptist Church, in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four black girls. [Addie Mae Collins (14), Cynthia Wesley (14), Carole Robertson (14) and Carol Denise McNair (11)].

1971: The environmental group Greenpeace is founded.

1972: The five Watergate burglars, and G. Gordon Liddy, and Howard Hunt Jr., are indicted on federal charges.

1973: OPEC supports price hikes, and designates six Gulf countries to negotiate collectively with companies over prices; other members to negotiate individually.

1978: Muhammad Ali defeats Leon Spinks, to win the world heavyweight boxing title, for the third time in his career, the first fighter ever to do so.

1988: The future U.S. Vice-President Dan Quayle states, "The Holocaust was an obscene period in our nation's history… No, not our nation's, but in World War II. I mean, we all lived in this century. I didn't live in this century, but in this century's history."

1997: Google.com is registered as a domain name.

2008: The venerable Wall Street brokerage firm, Lehman Brothers, seeks Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, becoming the largest victim of the subprime mortgage crisis [& largest bankruptcy in US history], that would devastate financial markets, and contribute to the biggest economic downturn, since the Great Depression.

2013: Japan switches off its last working nuclear reactor.

2018: Archaeologists find the oldest-known brewery, and remains of 13,000-year-old beer, in Haifa cave, Israel, belonging to nomadic Natufian people.

[El Pinguino]

Day late- Dollar short

Congrats Gord!

[GordMay]

September 16

1498: Spanish inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada died.

1620: The “Mayflower” sails from Plymouth, England, bound for the Americas, with 102 passengers, and about 30 crew. The ship was headed for Virginia, where the colonists, half religious dissenters and half entrepreneurs, had been authorized to settle, by the British crown. However, stormy weather, and navigational errors, forced the Mayflower off course, and on November 21 the ‘Pilgrims’ reached Plymouth, Massachusetts.

1848: Slavery abolished, in all French territories.

1885: 5th America's Cup: “Puritan” (NY Yacht Club) beats “Genesta” (Royal Yacht Squadron, Isle of Wight, UK) by 1:38, for 2-0 series win.

1906: Douglas Mawson, Edgeworth David and Alistair Mackay claim to have discovered the Magnetic South Pole in Antarctica.

1908: Buick Motor Company head, William Crapo Durant, spends $2,000 to incorporate General Motors, and within a few years would include familiar names such as: Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Oakland, which eventually became Pontiac.

1928: Hurricane hits West Palm Beach-Lake Okeechobee Florida; 3,000 die.

1932: From his cell, at Yerwada Jail in Pune, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi begins a hunger strike, in protest of the British government’s decision to separate India’s electoral system, by caste.

1947: Typhoon ‘Kathleen’ hits Saitama, Tokyo, and Tone River area, killing at least 1,930.

1975: Papua New Guinea achieved full independence, from Australia.

1991: The trial of Manuel Noriega, deposed dictator of Panama, begins in the United States.

1997: Apple Computer Inc names co-founder Steve Jobs interim CEO.

2015: 700 million malaria cases prevented in Africa, since 2000, in report by University of Oxford, in "Nature" journal.
➥ https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15535

2019: Study puts prices on value of "thoughts and prayers", average Christian willing to pay US$4 for a prayer, average atheists would pay US$3 not to receive one, published in "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"
➥ https://www.pnas.org/content/116/40/19797

[GordMay]

Originally Posted by GordMay

1928: Hurricane hits West Palm Beach-Lake Okeechobee Florida; 3,000 die.

On September 6, 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane formed near the west coast of Africa.

The storm ended up being one of the deadliest storms in Atlantic history.

Okeechobee set many records, including being the only Category 5 hurricane to hit Puerto Rico. By the time the storm dissipated, it killed more than 4,112 people and caused $100 million (1928 USD, $1.51 billion in 2018) worth of damage.

Overall, the hurricane impacted areas from West Africa to Eastern Canada, including Cape Verde, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Florida and Georgia.

On Sep. 12, Okeechobee's eye moved over Guadeloupe as a Category 4 storm. Apparently, the hurricane hit without warning and killed 1,200 people. It also left around 75 per cent of the island's residents homeless. In the town of Saint-François, only the police station was left standing as it was constructed with reinforced concrete.

Okeechobee destroyed around 85 per cent to 95 per cent of banana crops, 70 per cent to 80 per cent of tree crops, and 40 per cent of the sugar cane crop. After the storm, residents struggled to survive on the island.

In the U.S., Florida was severely hit, with a death toll of more than 2,500 people. Okeechobee also left thousands homeless in the state.

The hurricane got its name from the destruction it caused to Lake Okeechobee. Before the hurricane, the area received heavy rainfall, so when the storm hit, water levels were pushed even further.

The storm surge caused a dike to overflow, resulting in 6m-high floods. The floods swept houses off their foundations and subsequently destroyed them.

Houses were floated off their foundations and dashed to pieces against any obstacles encountered.

Though the hurricane led a path of destruction in Florida, areas in the low-lying Lake Okeechobee ground were the most impacted in terms of the death toll. Approximately 75 per cent of the people who died in that area were Black migrant farm works.

Black workers also led most of the hurricane cleanup. The authorities in the area reserved the limited coffins for white victims and burned the Black victims in funeral pyres.

After the hurricane, a resident of West Palm Beach, Robert Hazard, started the Storm of '28 Memorial Park Coalition Inc. to establish recognition of the Okeechobee's Black victims.

[GordMay]

September 17

1394: King Charles VI, of France, orders all Jews expelled from the kingdom.

1598: Dutch sailors discover island of Mauritius.

1787: The Constitution of the United States of America is signed, by 38 of 41 delegates present. at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention, in Philadelphia.

1789: William Herschel discovers ‘Mimas’, satellite of Saturn.

1835: Charles Darwins lands on Chatham, in Galapagos archipelago.

1849: American Harriet Tubman escaped from the Southern plantation, where she was enslaved, and later led other enslaved people to freedom in the North, along the route of the Underground Railroad.

1862: Confederate and Union troops, in the Civil War, clash at Bloody Lane and Burnside's Bridge, near Maryland’s Antietam Creek, in the bloodiest single day in American military history. By the time the sun went down, both armies still held their ground, despite staggering combined casualties of nearly 23,000 [26,000?] of the 100,000 soldiers engaged, including more than 3,600 dead.

1901: British adventurer Sir Francis Chichester, who sailed around the world alone, in 1966–67, in the 55-foot yacht “Gipsy Moth IV”, was born.

1902: U.S. troops are sent to Panama, to keep train lines open over the isthmus, as Panamanian nationals struggle for independence from Colombia.

1916: Germany's ‘Red Baron’, Manfred von Richthofen, wins his first aerial combat.

1926: Hurricane hits Miami & Palm Beach Florida; about 450 die.

1959: Typhoon kills 2,000 in Japan & Korea.

1974: “Courageous” (US) beats “Southern Cross” (Aust), in 23rd America's Cup.

1976: NASA unveils its first space shuttle, the “Enterprise”, in Palmdale, California.

1978: Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and Jimmy Carter sign the Camp David Accords, frameworks for peace in the Middle East, and between Egypt and Israel.


1989: Hurricane 'Hugo' hit the Virgin Islands, producing wind gusts to 97 mph at Saint Croix. Hurricane 'Hugo' passed directly over the island of Saint Croix, causing complete devastation, and essentially cutting off the island from communications. A storm surge of five to seven feet occurred at Saint Croix. The only rain gauge left operating, at Caneel Bay, indicated 9.40 inches in 24 hours. Hurricane Hugo claimed the lives of three persons at Saint Croix, and caused more than 500 million dollars damage. A ship, “Nightcap”, in the harbor of Culebra, measured wind gusts as high as 170 mph. A cold front brought high winds to the Great Basin, and the Rocky Mountain Region, and thunderstorms along the cold front produced wind gusts to 66 mph at Yellowstone Park WY.



1991: The first version of the Linux kernel (0.01) is released to the Internet.
1991: North Korea and South Korea were admitted to the United Nations.

2001: The New York Stock Exchange, and the New York Mercantile Exchange, reopen for the first time since the September 11 terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers; longest period of closure since the Great Depression of the 1930s.

2006: Alaska's Fourpeaked Mountain erupts, for the first time in at least 10,000 years.

2007: AOL, once the largest ISP in the U.S., officially announces plans to refocus the company as an advertising business, and to relocate its corporate headquarters from Dulles, Virginia to New York City.

2011: The first ‘Occupy Wall Street’ protest was held in the United States, as some 1,000 demonstrators marched in Manhattan, before occupying Zuccotti Park; the movement, which eventually went global, sought to highlight corporate greed, and income inequality, among other issues.

2020: More than 15,000 fires have caused widespread devastation in Brazil's Pantanal wetlands in 2020, according to its National Institute for Space Research.
➥ https://blog.therainforestsite.great...-fires-brazil/

[GordMay]

September 18

1502: Christopher Columbus lands at Costa Rica, on his 4th & last voyage.

1793: George Washington lays the cornerstone to the United States Capitol building, the home of the legislative branch, of American government.

1811: British East India Company forces, led by Baron Minto, conquers Java, part of the Dutch East Indies. Stamford Raffles appointed lieutenant governor.

1812: Great Fire of Moscow burns out, after 5 days. 75% of the city destroyed, and 12,000 killed.

1819: French physicist Jean-Bernard-Léon Foucault, who introduced and helped develop a technique of measuring, with extreme accuracy, the absolute velocity of light, and provided experimental proof that Earth rotates on its axis, was born.

1837: Charles Lewis Tiffany, and John B. Young co-found a ‘stationery and fancy goods emporium’, in New York City, later renamed, in 1853, as "Tiffany & Co."

1885: Riots break out in Montreal, to protest against compulsory smallpox vaccination.

1906: A typhoon with tsunami kills an estimated 10,000 people, in Hong Kong.

1930: “Enterprise” (US) beats “Shamrock V” (UK), in 15th America's Cup.

1942: The order for "extermination of asocials through labour" is approved, by Nazi Minister of Justice, Otto Thierack.

1944: British submarine “Tradewind” torpedoes “Junyo Maru”: 5,600 killed, including 1,377 allied POWs, and 4,200 Javanese slave labourers.

1947: The Central Intelligence Agency officially comes into existence, after being established by President Truman, in July.

1958: The Fresno Drop: Bank of America mails out 60,000 BankAmericards, in Fresco, California, the first credit card (later renamed VISA).

1961: UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld died, in a plane crash that generated much speculation; a 2017 investigation found that “it appears plausible that an external attack or threat may have been a cause of the crash.”

1962: Rwanda, Burundi, Jamaica & Trinidad admitted (105th-108th) to UN.

1967: “Intrepid” (US) beats “Dame Pattie” (Aust), in 21st America's Cup.

1970: American rock guitarist and singer Jimi Hendrix died, of an overdose of barbiturates, in London.

1973: Jimmy Carter admits to filing report on UFO sighting, in October 1969 [while governor of Georgia]. Carter, as well as 10 to 12 other people who witnessed the same event, described the object as “very bright [with] changing colors and about the size of the moon.” Carter reported that “the object hovered about 30 degrees above the horizon and moved in toward the earth and away before disappearing into the distance.” He later told a reporter that, after the experience, he vowed never again to ridicule anyone who claimed to have seen a UFO.

1974: Hurricane ‘Fifi’ strikes Honduras, with 110 mph winds, 5,000 die.

1975: Kidnapped heiress, turned-bank robber, Patricia Campbell Hearst. captured by FBI, in San Francisco.

1976: More than one million people gather, at the Great Hall of the People, in Beijing, for the funeral [died Sept. 9] of Mao Zedong, the leader of the Chinese Communist Party, and chairman of the People’s Republic of China since 1949.

1977: “Courageous” (US) sweeps “Australia” (Aust), in 24th America's Cup.
1977: “Voyager I” takes first photo of Earth and the Moon together.

1987: Hundreds are accidentally poisoned, by cesium-137, from an abandoned cancer-therapy machine, in Brazil. Four people eventually died from exposure, including one child.

1988: ‘Magna Charta Universitatum’ signed, to celebrate university traditions, and mark 900th anniversary of the founding of Bologna University, the oldest in the world.

1997: Ted Turner gives $1 billion to the United Nations, creating the public charity, the ‘United Nations Foundation’.

1998: ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) is formed, to coordinate unique identifying addresses, for Websites worldwide.

2016: Earliest known fishooks at 23,000 years old discovered on Okinawa Island, Japan, findings published in PNAS journal.
➥ https://www.pnas.org/content/114/16/4105


2017: Hurricane ‘Maria’ passes over the Caribbean island of Dominica, as a category 5 hurricane, destroying 90% of structures, and killing 27.

2019: US White House bars California, and other states, from setting their own emission standards.

2020: Earliest dated evidence for the human species in the Arabian Peninsula as fossilized footprints 120,000 years old uncovered in Saudi Arabia's Nefud Deser.
➥ https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aba8940
2020: American lawyer Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who was the second woman to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court (1993–2020), died at age 87.

[GordMay]

On Monday, Sept. 18, 2017, Hurricane "Maria" made landfall on Dominica, as a Category 5 storm.

Two days later, Maria slammed Puerto Rico, as a Category 4 hurricane. Between the two countries, the hurricane caused 3,040 deaths. Maria also impacted other areas in the Caribbean including, Dominican Republic, Hait, and Guadeloupe.

With a total of 3,059 fatalities, Maria is the third deadliest Atlantic hurricane in history.

The storm started as a tropical wave, off the western coast of Africa. It headed westward, and gradually organized into a tropical depression, by Sept. 16. The warm sea surface temperatures of 29°C, the moist environment, and the weak wind shear, created the conditions for the storm to fully form.

Maria first hit Dominica, destroying the island’s vegetation and housing stock, and infrastructure. In Dominica, the storm caused 65 deaths, and $1.37 billion in damages. Two days later, Maria hit Puerto Rico.

In terms of overall destruction, Puerto Rico was most impacted by Maria. It caused around 2,975 deaths, and $90 billion worth of damages. After Maria made landfall, winds were measured as high as 190 km/h. The storm also brought torrential rain, as much as 962.7 mm.

Before Maria hit the island, it weakened from a Category 5 to Category 4 storm, due to an eyewall replacement. This cycle also caused the eye to triple in size, before it made landfall. This change increased the areas that were exposed to extreme winds.

Puerto Rico faced widespread flooding, extensive wind damage, and frequent landslides. Maria destroyed the power grid, leaving the entire 3.4 million population without electricity. The storm also wiped out the island’s agriculture, namely coffee crops. Around 18 million coffee trees were destroyed. It will take around five to 10 years for the island to get back to about 15 per cent of its coffee production.

The island was devastated. On April 11, 2018, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Maria, due to the impact on the Caribbean.

[Alan Mighty]

September 18 is the date on which the 1931 Mukden Incident (aka Manchuria Incident or Liutiao Lake Incident) is remembered in northeast Asia (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident).

The Mukden Incident is regarded by many historians as the start of the Nipponese invasion of China (and so the start of the Nipponese aggression later regarded in the West as the Pacific Theatre of World War 2).

[Factor]

18 September

2021 The wallabies beat the boks.

[GordMay]

September 19

1692: Giles Corey is pressed to death, for standing mute, and refusing to answer charges of witchcraft brought against him. He is the only person, in America, to have suffered this punishment.

1881: James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States, died.

1893: With the signing of the Electoral Bill by Governor Lord Glasgow, New Zealand becomes the first country in the world to grant national voting rights to women.

1896: Beginning of the Bombay plague epidemic, when Dr.Acacio Gabriel Viegas detects the first case in Mandvi. Goes on to spread. and kill 12 million, in India.

1934: Bruno Haptmann arrested, for kidnapping Lindbergh baby.

1939: Nazi propagandist, William Joyce [Lord Haw-Haw], becomes radio host of Reichsrundfunk Berlin.

1940: Witold Pilecki is voluntarily captured, and sent to Auschwitz, in order to smuggle out information, and start a resistance.

1945: Lord Haw Haw [William Joyce] sentenced to death, in London.

1955: Argentine President Juan Domingo Perón is deposed, and fled to Paraguay, in a military coup.

1957: The United States detonates a 1.7-kiloton nuclear weapon, in an underground tunnel, at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), a 1,375-square-mile research center, located 65 miles north of Las Vegas. The test, known as ‘Rainier’ [part of ‘Operation Plumbbob’ series] , was the first fully contained underground detonation, and produced no atmospheric radioactive fallout.

1968: American physicist [invented Xerography], Chester Carlson died.

1983: Saint Kitts and Nevis gain their Independence, from the British Crown.
1983: David Slowinski, on 2 CRAY-1 computers, find 2^132049-1 prime #.

1984: Britain & China complete a proposed agreement. to transfer Hong Kong to China, by 1997.

1985: At 7:18 in the morning, a powerful earthquake strikes Mexico City, and leaves 10,000 people dead, 30,000 injured, and thousands more homeless.

1986: US Federal health officials announce AZT will be available to AIDS patients.

1982: The first documented emoticons, :-) and :-( , posted on Carnegie Mellon University Bulletin Board System, by Scott Fahlman.

1989: Appeals court restores America's Cup to US, after NY Supreme Court gave it to NZ (NZ protested US's use of a catamaran).

1991: German hikers, near the Austria-Italy border, discover the naturally preserved mummy of a man from about 3,300 BCE; Europe's oldest natural human mummy, he is dubbed ‘Otzi the Iceman’, because his lower half was encased in ice.

1995: The Unabomber's manifesto, a 35,000-word antitechnology document, written by Ted Kaczynski, who had launched a bombing campaign that killed 3, and wounded 23, was published in The New York Times, and The Washington Post; the manifesto helped lead to his capture.

2010: Oil rig “Deepwater Horizon” is declared sealed, after a 5-month long spill, in the Gulf of Mexico.

[GordMay]

Historic headlines reimagined for a social media–obsessed audience:
•1912: 6 Titanic Survivors Who Should Have Died
•1920: 17 Things That Will Be Outlawed Now That Women Can Vote
•1928: This One Weird Mold Kills All Germs
•1929: Most Embarrassing Reactions to the Stock Market Crash
•1948: 5 Insane Plans for Feeding West Berlin You Won’t Believe Are Real
•1969: This Is the Most Important Photo of an Astronaut You’ll See All Day
•1989: You Won’t Believe What These People Did to the Berlin Wall!

[GordMay]

September 20

0019 BCE: The Roman poet Virgil, best known for his national epic 'the Aeneid', died.
➥ https://www.poetryintranslation.com/...gilAeneidI.php

0480: Themistocles, and his Greek fleet, win one of history's first decisive naval victories over Xerxes' Persian force, off Salamis.

1187: Saladin begins the Siege of Jerusalem.

1519: Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan sets sail from from Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, in command of five ships and 270 men, in an effort to find a western sea route to the rich Spice Islands of Indonesia.

1565: First European battle on American soil, in which Spanish forces, under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, capture the French Huguenot settlement of Fort Caroline [near present-day Jacksonville, Fl], commanded by Rene Goulaine de Laudonniere.

1840: While experimenting with gallic acid, a chemical he was informed would increase the sensitivity of his prepared paper, William Henry Fox Talbot discovered that the acid can be used to develop a latent image on paper, leading to a revolution in photography.

1870: Italian troops occupied Rome, leading to the eventual incorporation of Rome into the Kingdom of Italy, and the limiting of papal governing authority to the Vatican itself, and a small district around it.

1904: Wilbur Wright Makes the First Circular Flight, in 1 minute and 16 seconds, on the ‘Wright Flyer II’.

1954: 1st FORTRAN computer program run.

1964: 20th America's Cup yachting: Eric Ridder skippered “Constellation” beats English challenger “Sovereign”, for a 4-0 American series sweep off Newport, RI.

1971: Hurricane ‘Irene’ becomes the first hurricane known to cross from the Atlantic to Pacific, where it is renamed Hurricane ‘Olivia’.

1973: In a highly publicized ‘Battle of the Sexes’ tennis match, top women’s player Billie Jean King, 29, beats 55 Y/O Bobby Riggs [6-4, 6-3, 6-3].

1983: Cryptographic Communications System & Method (RSA) patented.

1984: Suicide car bomb attacks US Embassy annex, in Beirut, kills 23.

1990: Both East and West Germany ratify reunification.

2000: Patent on RSA cryptograph algorithm ends.

2005: Austrian Holocaust survivor, and Nazi hunter, Simon Wiesenthal dies.

2010: The Canadian Hurricane Center (CHC) issued tropical storm watches and warnings, for areas of Newfoundland. The next day, Hurricane ‘Igor’ passed near Newfoundland, and ended up being the most destructive tropical cyclone to ever hit the island. In Newfoundland, Hurricane Igor killed one person, and caused approximately $200 million damage.

2015: Martin Shkreli, CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals, confirms raising the price of toxoplasmosis drug, Daraprim, by 5,000%.

2018: Overloaded ferry capsizes. on Lake Victoria, Tanzania, killing at least 207, with one man surviving, in air lock, for two days.

2019: Students from 185 countries stage the world's largest-ever protest on climate change, culminating in Manhattan rally, led by Greta Thunberg.
2019: The MOSAiC expedition, the greatest Arctic research expedition ever, sets sail from Norway, aims to stay trapped in ice for a year, to study climate change.

2020: FinCEN files leaked - over 2,000 mostly 'suspicious activity reports' to the US government, showing banks allowed money laundering, worth $2 trillion, between 2000-17.

[GordMay]

September 21

0046 BCE: Julius Caesar celebrates first of four triumphal processions in Rome - over Gaul, Egypt, Pontus, and Africa, with leader of the Gauls, Vercingetorix, led in chains.

1327: Edward II of England is murdered, or not.
➥ https://thehistoryvault.co.uk/the-my...ard-iis-death/

1677: Jan and Nicolaas van der Heyden patent the fire hose.

1756: John Loudon McAdam, engineer who invented and gave his name to macadamized [asphalt] roads, was born.

1776: Nathan Hale, spied on British, for American rebels, arrested.
"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."

1780: American General Benedict Arnold meets with British Major John Andre, to discuss handing over West Point to the British, in return for the promise of a large sum of money, and a high position in the British army. The plot was foiled, and Arnold, a former American hero, became synonymous with the word ‘traitor’.

1792: In Revolutionary France, the Legislative Assembly votes to abolish the monarchy, and establish the First Republic.

1827: According to Joseph Smith Jr., the angel Moroni gave him a record of gold plates, one-third of which Joseph translated into ‘The Book of Mormon’.

1866: H.G. Wells, science fiction writer whose works include ‘The Time Machine’, ‘The Invisible Man’, and ‘The War of the Worlds’ was born.
1866: Bacteriologist Charles Jean Henri Nicolle, discovered that typhus fever is transmitted by body louse, was born.

1895: America's first automotive producer, the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, is founded, by Charles and J. Frank Duryea.

1938: Without warning, a powerful Category 3 hurricane slams into Long Island, and southern New England, causing 600 deaths, and devastating coastal cities and towns. Also called the ‘Long Island Express’, the ‘Great New England Hurricane of 1938' was the most destructive storm to strike the region, in the 20th century.

1979: Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin publish influential paper (cited more than 4,000 times), "The Spandrels of San Marco and the panglossian paradigm", introducing idea of "spandrels" into evolutionary biology.
➥ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/d...rspb.1979.0086

1999: ‘Chi-Chi’, an earthquake, in Taiwan, kills thousands of people, causes billions of dollars in damages, and leaves an estimated 100,000 homeless. It was the worst earthquake to hit Taiwan, since a 1935 tremor, that killed 3,200 people.

2008: Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, the two last remaining independent investment banks on Wall Street, become bank holding companies, as a result of the subprime mortgage crisis.

2016: Three genetic studies published in "Nature" conclude all non-Africans descended from one migration out of Africa 50-80,000 years ago
➥ https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/all-...africa-1465271

2017: Discovery of the first brainless animal that sleeps, the jellyfish Cassiopea, research published in "Current Biology" by Caltech scientists.
➥ https://www.cell.com/current-biology...822(17)31023-0

[GordMay]

Canada voted:
After a 36-day campaign, and a $600-million election, the final seat tally doesn't look very different, from the composition of the House of Commons, when it was dissolved in early August.
As of 2:30 a.m. ET, Liberal candidates were leading, or elected, in 157 ridings, the exact same number of seats that party won in the 2019 contest.