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The licence does not belong to the radio, it belongs to the ship. If you or someone else uses your ship's handheld on another ship "A" (or on their tender) you use ship "A's" callsign and ship name. If the ship "A" that you are a guest on is flagged or domiciled in another nation to your own vessel then you cannot use your handheld yourself unless you have an operators' certificate issued by or accepted by ship "A's" country
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You are quite correct in stating that the license belonngs to the ship. However as you correctly stated the license is purely to use the equipment stated on the ships license only on the ship. in fact in theory any tenders etc are meant to have seperate radio licenses in themselves. Hence it is technically breaking the licensing requirements taking a portable VHF anywhere other then the ship , ie the shore another boat etc. If yor are a licensed operator you can use another ships radio system provided permission is given.
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you cannot use your handheld yourself unless you have an operators' certificate issued by or accepted by ship "A's" country
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you cannot use your handheld on another ship end of story. ( as its not listed on that ships license.) Most operators certs ( if not all) are cross recognised.
SO in summary in pure technical terms to answer the OP's question
(1) NO
(2) Does not apply as (1) makes it illegal
(3) NO.
where a vessel has no ships license no marine system can be used.
Note in emergency anyone can use any radio.
Note that ships radios do not have to be used soley for ships business. Public correspondance is allowed ( ie when there was VHF to land line link ups)hence any business ships or otherwise can be carried out over a marine VHF. Obviously the license prohits broadcasting or abusive behaviour.
I am a CEPT license VHF instructor
PS in practice transgressions are ignored as they are almost impossible to enforce and in many countries ( teh carribean in particular) theres is huge shore to ship comms.