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The term y'all is lookin' for is Path Loss. Pass Loss is a far field effect that follows the inverse-square law. Polarization loss varies between 0 and 6 dB's. Multi-path loss (fade) can approach 100%. Space weather can also affect the propagation of HF signals.
In the MF/HF range the best DX omni antenna is the 5/8 wavelength vertical over saltwater. It has a lower radiation angle and gain over the vertical dipole.
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